Since I've been able to play Cure Mode and beat all diseases (Except Disease X) on Normal, I figured that I might as well put some information exclusive to Cure Mode.
Here are the changed descriptions (Quotations not included):
"Most common disease. Well understood and easy to track" (Bacteria)
"Underestimated, infectious, and difficult to track" (Virus)
"A complex parasitic organism hiding in plain sight" (Parasite)
"Fungal spores cause unpredictable spread patterns. Difficult to contain" (Fungus)
Prion, Nano-Virus and Bio-Weapon have the same descriptions as they do in the main game and Cure Mode lacks special diseases.
Cure Mode also gives the diseases some traits that they couldn't have in the normal game. Though I can't remember them all, Fungus has Fungal Bloom and Prion has Terminal Disease. I'm pretty sure Fungal Bloom lets the fungus spread faster and that Terminal Disease is what makes Prion so lethal (Both Prion and Bio-Weapon have exceptional lethality.).
I can also remember some of the gimics for the diseases:
Virus: Underestimated at first. Has exclusive protocols in the Operation section to inform the public that the virus is an actual disease and not a basic cough.
Fungus: Fungus nearly never gets on boats and/or planes, though it spreads very quickly. The Operation tab has some abilities that decrease the Fungal Bloom bonus and another one that decreases frequency of Fungal Spores.
Prion: Virtually a time bomb. Extremely high lethality, though takes a very long time to activate that lethality. You're able to slow this down even more with the exclusive protocols in the Operation tab.
Nano-Virus: Fast spreading virus that seems overpowered at first, but has counters. There are three "gateway" protocols in the Operation tab which unlock two protocols each, though only one can be funded for gateway. I know that one gateway gives you the option to either decrease the virus' transmission in hot or cold countries, while another gateway gives you the option to harvest resources from the virus or stop any spread or deaths from the virus for 1 month. The final tree has an option where panic loss of Authority is decreased, though I can't remember the other.
Bio-Weapon: Bio-Weapon's main advantage is how quickly it can drain the Authority points, especially with its high infectivity and lethality. However, all Authority protocols are significantly buffed (With them giving 50 or even 100 Authority) and the Declare Armageddon tree. Declare Armageddon works as another Authority and branches out to other protocols. One decreases Authority but decreases Authority loss per country, while the other is 2 levels of buffed Contact Tracing, though both decrease Authority and increase Non-Compliance.